GS PAPER 2
INTERNATIONAL RELATION
Reasons for Rohingya Refugees Risking Sea Journeys:
- Persecution in Myanmar: Rohingya have faced persecution and denial of citizenship in Myanmar since 1982.
- Violence in Rakhine State: Massive violence erupted in Rakhine State in 2017, leading to the displacement of over 750,000 Rohingya.
- Ethnic Cleansing: United Nations termed the violence against Rohingya in 2017 as "ethnic cleansing."
- Genocidal Intent: UN fact-finding commission claimed the Myanmar government had "genocidal" intent against Rohingya.
- Harsh Conditions in Refugee Camps: Rohingya live in overcrowded camps in Bangladesh lacking basic necessities like food, water, sanitation, healthcare, and education.
- Security Concerns: Gang violence and arson attacks in camps contribute to worsening conditions and insecurity.
- Restricted Movement: Rohingya in Myanmar live in camps with restricted movements and livelihoods.
Countries Receiving Rohingya Refugees:
- Indonesia: Significant increase in Rohingya refugees arriving via sea, with a 1,261% increase between 2021 and 2023.
- Malaysia: Fewer Rohingya refugees arriving compared to Indonesia, with only one boat reaching Malaysia in recent years.
- Bangladesh: Hosts a significant population of Rohingya refugees, with over 960,000 residing in camps near the Myanmar border, facing harsh living conditions.
Trends and Concerns:
- Increasing Death Toll: One in eight Rohingya attempting sea journeys die or disappear, with a 63% increase in deaths or disappearances compared to 2022.
- Dangerous Voyages: Rohingya undertake treacherous journeys on rickety boats with inadequate supplies, sometimes lasting weeks or months.
- Exploitation by Traffickers: Human traffickers exploit Rohingya desperation, charging exorbitant fees for dangerous sea journeys.
- Human Rights Abuses: Horrifying accounts of abuse, including violence against women, are reported during sea voyages.
- UNHCR Data: Significant increase in Rohingya refugees arriving in Indonesia, while fewer boats reach Malaysia compared to previous years.